The Indian Policy Response :: India Trade Globalization Agriculture Essays

The Indian Policy Response Socio-economic implications of Globalization in India - What India wants from WTO - What is required of India by WTO - Analysis of policy response in two crucial areas Agriculture and Pharmaceuticals. An ethical framework covering the issues that are discussed and a common policy response is suggested. In the early nineties, India embarked full speed on a path of liberalization and globalization by reducing trade barriers and non-trade barriers alike, demolishing the existing quota-licensing regime. As a logical step in that process, it joined the WTO in 1994 at the end of Uruguay round of talks. Major changes in existing laws and enacting new laws had become imperative to comply with the WTO agreement. But substantial resistance to the acceptance of the WTO regime have erupted in areas of Agriculture, Pharmaceuticals. India as a founder of the ITA (Information technology Agreement) under the aegis of WTO has significant advantages as well as some critical obligations. This paper analyses the moral arguments of the policy response to these critical issues and attempts to synthesize a common position based on ethical perspectives. Agriculture Before we discuss the policy imperatives of the WTO response, a brief background on the nature and state Indian agriculture is necessary. Indian economy is agrarian in nature where nearly 70% of the population is dependent upon agricultural income. At the lower end of this strata are the vast majority of poor farm labourers who do not own the land but work in the fields and farms to earn their livelihood. In the middle layer, we have a large number of marginal land owners and small farmers who labour as well as employ other labourers to produce. In the higher end there a small number of large farmers and farm corporations who employ mechanised as well as very labour intensive farming. The politically powerful lobby of big farmers utilize power, irrigation and fertilizer subsidies of the government at the same level as the small farmers. The number of crops produced by this huge agricultural base is limited comparative to the other developed countries, because of various historical an d climatic conditions. Since the agriculture is labour intensive and most of the farming is done by small farmers owning small land tracts, the productivity is low and costs are high. While some states subsidize power and irrigation, the central government provides fertilizer subsidies and procures the farm products at minimum support prices to supply poor urban consumers to ensure food security through a Public Distribution System.

Obesity in America Essay

Did you know that between 1980 and the year 2000, the obesity rates had doubled among adults in America ? About 30% of the adult population in America is suffering from obesity . Since 1980 , overweight rates have doubled among children and adults . Most people still do not practice healthy behaviors that can prevent obesity because they are lazy. More than 50% of American adults do not get the recommended amount of physical activity to provide health benefits . More than a third of young people in grades nine – twelve do not regularly engage in vigorous physical activity . If more people in America would get out and do physical activities then this could reduce the amount of obese people and they could live happier and healthier . If people do not eat healthy and lack physical activity , then they may get diabetes and become obese . One cause of people in America becoming obese is because they do not eat healthy . If they would eat healthy then they would not have such high cholesterol and they would live a little longer . People should start eating more healthy foods such as fruits , vegetables , and non-artificial foods . These foods can be purchased at the local grocery store , gas station , and even at food market . These foods are normally cheaper than the other fatty foods and fast food restaurants , such as McDonald’s , Burger King , and artificial foods that contain grease . Fast food restaurants are one of the main causes of obesity because people love it and are addicted to it . People can get addicted to these restaurants very easy because it is quick , easy , taste good , and they do not have to do dishes . What these people don’t realize is what this food is doing to their bodies until they take a look at a scale and see that they have put on a massive amount of wait due to all the calories they have taken in . While these products might look appealing and tasty , they contain a wealth of hidden health hazards which are not only dangerous if eaten in large quantities but are a major cause of obesity , especially in children . For example , Super Size Me is a 2004 American documentary film directed by Morgan Spurlock . Spurlock’s film follows a 30 day period from February 1 to March 2 , 2003 during which he eats only McDonald’s food . The film documents this lifestyle’s drastic effect on Spulock’s physical and psychological well being , and explores the fast food industry’s corporate influence , including how it encourages poor nutrition for its own profit . Spurlock dined at McDonald’s restaurants three times per day , eating every item on the chain’s menu . Spulock consumed an average of 9 Big Macs per day during the experiment . As a result , the 32 year old man gained 24  ½ lbs , and a cholesterol level of 230 . He experienced mood swings , sexual dysfunction , and fat accumulation in his liver . It took Spulock fourteen months to lose the weight gained from his experiment using a vegan diet supervised by his future wife , a chef who specializes in gourmet vegan dishes . The reason for Spulock’s investigation was the increasing spread of obesity throughout U . S society , which the Surgeon General has declared â€Å"epidemic† and the corresponding lawsuit brought against McDonald’s , it was alleged , became obese as a result of eating McDonald’s food Spurlock points out that although the lawsuit against McDonald’s failed . Subsequently many state legislatures have legislated against product liability actions against producers and distributors of â€Å"fast food †. Much of the same criticism leveled against tobacco companies applies to fast food franchises whose product is both physiologically addictive and physical harmful . Eating fast food can be very harmful to the human body . Fast food is a horrible choice to go and can be extremely dangerous if you don’t watch what , and how much you eat . Another cause of obesity can lack of physical exercise . Not exercising can be a reason why people put on weight because they do not burn any of the fat that they gain . People are so lazy now days and are addicted to electronics such as televison , video games , radio , computers , and etc . These electronics are killing Americans slowly because they forget all about going outdoors and doing something physical . Since the year 2000 , they have developed so much electronics and robots for our society that we do not have to do any work which leads us to laziness . Both diet and physical activity play a critical role in controlling your weight . You gain weight with the calories you burn , including those burned during physical activity, less than calories you eat or drink . When it comes to weight management , people vary greatly in how much physical activity they need . You may need to be more active than others to achieve or maintain a healthy weight . Regular physical activity is one of the most important things you can do for your health . For example , you don’t have to spend much time with teenagers to know that the average adolescent would rather devote an afternoon to sitting in front of the tv , computes , or video games console than working out . In recent years , as physical education classes have been progressively cut from cash strapped public school curriculums , teens have had even more time to lounge , slouch , hangout , or do anything but break a sweat . In simple terms , body weight is a reflection of the balance between two variables : the calories a body takes in and the calories it burn off . As fa as the average U . S teen is concerned , the study suggests , the culprit behind weight gain is not decease in exercise but an increase consumption . Of course , that doesn’t mean teens are getting adequate exercise . Analyzed data from nearly 16,000 high school students between ages of fifteen and eighteen , who took part in the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention ‘s longitudinal Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey , about their physical . He and his team found that in 2007 , only 34.7% of teens met federal physical activity recommendations , which call for activity strenuous enough to cause heavy breathing for a total of an hour a day for five or more days a week . An effect of eating fast food and lack of physical activities is getting diabetes . Diabetes is a disease where your treatment plan may need to be adjusted over time . For people with type 2 diabetes whose blood sugar is uncontrolled , adding insulin replaces what your body isn’t adequately making to help control blood sugar . Regardless of how you feel about your diabetes , its important to get your blood sugar under good control . Along with a program of diet , exercise and other diabetes medicine . Insulin may help you improve you blood sugar control . There are two types of this disease , type one and type two , which is also called onset diabetes . The first type , type one diabetes , cant be prevented because people who have this type are born with a compromised pancreas . These people have to rely on insulin injections throughout their life to maintain reasonably favorable health . People with type two diabetes develop this condition over time and have to rely on oral medication and in some cases insulin injections . People with adult onset diabetes were born with a healthy pancreas but they were either born with a susceptibility to the disease o other factors played a role in the development of the problem. The primary reason why people with a healthy pancreas develop this disease is poor diet , being overweight and sedentary lifestyle . These are all factors a person can control and limit his or her chance of developing this condition . The main reason people develop type two diabetes is because they become overweight . People who do not exercise and lead sedentary lifestyle are prone to developing type two . There is some evidence that adult onset type can be reversed , or at least controlled . Another effect of not eating healthy and lack of physical activity is becoming obese . Becoming obese is not a very good thing because there are many types of dangerous things that can happen any given moment . People that become obese also miss out on a lot of events and fun activities . They are limited of what they can do because they are so overweight that they cant move fast , they need help getting things and showering . They also may no longer eat certain foods anymore because it contains too much sugar . People should watch their weight and what they eat before they become overweight and have to live this way and trust me this is not the way to live . Just ask 43 year old , Shannon Cooper . Shannon Cooper had been living a normal life with her children of three . She had been so lazy and didn’t want to do anything because she had forced her three children to do all the chores around the house . Well 3 years later Shannon had to pay the price for all this because little did she know , she had a low metabolism and put on an enormous amount of weight . She had been eating McDonald’s almost every day and didn’t find anything wrong with eating all this fast food . All the food had went straight to her body and she is now bed bound and can’t shower own her own , get up and move around , or even use the restroom by herself . She now has her three kids feeding her , bathing her , and she has to urinate into a plastic bag mounted on the side of her heavy duty bed . Reporters say that Shannon will never live the same life as she had before unless she has liposuction done and that is something she cant afford . She is also unemployed because her leg structure cant support all of her massive weight she has gained to get up and maneuver around . Reporters asked her if she could go back three years , would she do it all over again and she said no . Shannon says it’s not worth all of the stress and embarrassment to her and her children . This story is hash so it should change anybody’s mind about their diet and what they eat . People may get diabetes and become obese if they do not get enough exercise or physical activity . People in America should watch what they eat if they do not want to end up like some of these people and be bed bound for possibly the rest of their lives . They do not only hurt themselves by doing this to their body , but they hurt their loved ones and the people around them , because they cant spend time with t hey family and friends . They are always worried that maybe you will seriously injure yourself someday or possibly loose you by death . If our society really care about the people around them then they will not only help themselves watch their health , but they would help other people on their diet and persuade them to get more exercise in by running or going to the gym . It is amazing by how the slightest things can change a person life by taking a little walk around the block once a day or even once a week . Just always remember that exercise and a little more vegetables or fruit can change ones life for them and others around them . Work Cited 1) http:/www./imdb.com/title/tt0390521 2)http://www.ahrq.gov/ppip/activity.htm 3)http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/overview.html 4)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/obesity_in_america 5)http://www.dimensionsmagazine.com/dimtext/kin/people/heavie.htm

Dialect Journal for the Book The Other Wes Moore

Dialect Journal for the Book The Other Wes Moore Dialect Journal for the book The Other Wes Moore Range of page numbers to draw the quotes from: 25-62, 68-107, 108-147, 148-183 Passage Quoted Using MLA Format, With a Signal Phrase and a Page Number Analysis of the Cause and the Connections to the Course Quote 1 â€Å"Wes looked at his mother, hoping she would explain who this man was. He moved closer to his mothers hip. Not only did he feel safer there than in the middle of the room but also because the smell coming off the man was beginning to bother him†(Moore 25) The cause this passage addresses is the importance of family roles to the growth of an individual. Wes Moore feels safer in the hands of his mother. This means that family members are a source of protection and guidance. I agree with this quote since every kid tends to run to their parents for protection if feeling threatened. Quote 2 â€Å"His brother six years older, was the closest thing Wes had to care taker during the daylight hours and was fiercely protective of the little brother who idolized him†(Moore 26) The cause that this quote addresses is family roles and influences. It is clear from this quote that Wes Moore has a brother who believes in him. A brother who cares for him. This is an example of a role of the family in someones life. It is very insightful to see how the two brothers cared about each other. Quote 3 â€Å"The constantly broken down elevators forced residents to climb claustrophobic, urine-scented stairways. And the drug game was everywhere, with a gun handle protruding from the top of every tenth teenagers waistline†(Moore 27) The cause that this quote addresses is societal influences such as peers and neighbors. This quote brings out a society that has been engulfed by moral decadence and crime. This accounts for the reason as to why the other Wes Moore ended up going to prison. The society around him lured him into becoming a criminal. Quote 4 â€Å"The extreme heat in my poorly ventilated room woke me in the middle of the night† (Moore 35). The cause that this quote addresses is poverty and the sociology of ghettos. It is clear from this quote that the life that the character is leading is a life of poverty and suffering. Living in a house that does not have proper ventilation is not a kind of life that a person would love to lead. Quote 5 â€Å" The Map was leading me in directions I hadnt seen in my brief time at school, through bushes and brush that quickly turned to trees and forests†(Moore 92). The cause that this quote addresses is education/educational setting. It is clear from this quote that Wes Moore was very vigilant when it comes to school work. The story that he is communicating is that he valued the school environment. Quote 6 â€Å"Colonel Bat handed me the phone, and I dialled the only number I knew by heart. As the phone rang, I began to think about what I would say in five minutes to convince my mother to let me back home† (Moore 94). The cause that this quote addresses is family roles. It is insightful to see that the only number that Wes Moore knew by heart was the number of his mother. This is a clear indication of the strong connection that existed between Wes Moore and his mother, and also the importance of a role that his mother played in shaping his life. Quote 7 â€Å"Wes and Alicia quickly became more than friends, After school they would head to each other’s houses, since neither had parents at home during the day. Within two months, Alicia told Wes that her period was latethey were going to be parents† (Moore 99). The cause that this quote addresses is the importance of family roles. Wes Moore lacked parental guidance and supervision which was causing him to do whatever pleased him most. Eventually, they ended up messing their lives in that they ended up becoming parents at a very tender age. Quote 8 â€Å"The idea of becoming a father depressed Wes, but he wasnt sure why† (Moore 100). The cause that this quote addresses is the opportunities. This is because Wes had the choice of valuing his career more than being moral. Instead, he concentrates on Alicia what eventually leads him to messing up his future. I agree with this quote in that many times people get the chances and opportunities but they fail to use them. Quote 9 â€Å"The wooden bleachers that circled the floor were full of family, friends, and supporters of the crop of graduates, who had yet to enter the room† (Moore 108). The cause that this quote addresses is the importance of education/proper educational setting. This quote clearly shows that Wes Moore really valued school work. He was very inspired with the idea of graduating. This is very insightful in that it shows a man who is determined to have a bright future. Quote 10 â€Å"Smiles, waves, cheers, and whistles rang out. Camera flashes blinked over the parade, parents and friends shooting as wildly as paparazzi. Because his last name put him toward the front of the class† (Moore 109). The cause that this quote addresses is the importance of education/proper educational setting. Wes Moore is very glad to have made his friends and parents proud by being the best student in his class. The way he frames his sentences makes it very inspirational, especially the cheers from the people who came to see him graduate. Quote 11 â€Å"Wes went back to school immediately after leaving the juvenile detention facilitybut he knew that he would not last long (Moore 110). The cause that this quote addresses is societal influences. It is crystal-clear from this quote that the other Moore does not value education. He values being with his peers. This is the reason as to why he was pretty sure that he would not be in school for long before dropping out. Quote 12 â€Å"Wes found another option: he decided to make himself scarce. In the mornings while Nicey was at work, Wes Would play video games in the house and then head out to check on his drug operation. The cause that this quote addresses is societal influences. The other Moore is dissolved in drugs that he looks for every possible opportunity to run away from home. Knowing that the other Moore is a young man who has not yet achieved anything in life is very saddening. Quote 13 â€Å"When they got to the house. Wes went upstairs to the room that housed the bunk bed that he and Tony shared† (Moore 153). This quote addresses the cause of poverty and the sociology of ghettos. This is because the bunk bed reference means that there was limited space in the house that both Wes and his brother shared. This is a characteristic of ghetto houses where people cannot afford to pay for sufficient-quality housing. Quote 14 â€Å"Wes now sat waiting to find out how the jury of his peers had ruled† (Moore 155). The cause that this quote addresses is societal influences. In this quote peer pressure is the societal influence that is addressed. It is clear from this quote that Wes participated in a crime as a result of peer pressure that came from his friends. Quote 15 â€Å" A large guard made his way over to Wes, who slowly put his hands behind his backnever once looking behind him to see the family of the police officer or even his own family†(Moore 157). The cause that this quote addresses is family roles. Even at Wes darkest hour, his family was there to support him. This means that family is the one thing you can rely on, no matter what. Quote 16 â€Å"weeks after I completed the internship with him, I would be heading to South Africa for a Semester abroad† (Moore 162). The cause

Definition and Discussion of Classical Rhetoric

How is technology affecting the younger generations...

How is technology affecting the younger generations perceptions of morality and the world? The advent of the internet signaled a revolutionary shift for society, in which participation in massive amounts of information was easily and rapidly accessible to any connected country. This digital revolution gave rise to monolithic digital communities that dominate the web and strongly influence the globe; Twitter helped Belarusian youth organize flash-protests against their authoritarian government in 2006, while Wikileaks continues to serve as a public international clearing-house for whistle-blowers. But despite these resounding stories of success, concern is spreading that there is an underlying problem with our digitally enhanced society†¦show more content†¦These teenagers are the undisputed leaders of persistent connectivity; any spare moment is spent attached to a media portal of some kind. Unfortunately most of them do not pursue activities of self-improvement, ignoring the availability of vast storehouses of information in favor of personal entertainment and th e drivel of their media idols. Supporters of the digital revolution as a replacement for traditional education insist technology allows students to fulfill all their thirst for knowledge. While technology does theoretically allow that to happen, the sad reality is students use new technology to continue the repetitive and dull social interactions with the same small peer-group. Instead of learning about the world and acting to change it, they publish complaints about it on social networking sites to their small group of peers and then go try to catchup on the latest entertainment news. â€Å"Visiting new places† used to mean traveling to foreign lands and experiencing new cultures, but has now come to mean clicking through new experiences. Although proponents of e-learning attempt to use this to support wider adoption of e-tech, the truth is this actually works against learning. If someones opinion goes against your own or is unsettling, its merely a matter of clicking away and ignoring it. A person is able to totally avoid opposing ideas without removing themselves from society. Without the influence of opposing ideas and different ways of looking at theShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination : American History X, Remember The Titans And The Blind Side Showed1864 Words   |  8 PagesIn the world today, the United States of America is a multicultural nation. This country has faced and still facing many racial issues from the Civil Right Movement till the present time. Racial discrimination has always been the most discussed topics when it comes to any soci ety problems. As we process what take place around the world, furthermore; community cohesive together to exchanging culture, information, technology, and knowledge. 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How Can We Control Corruption Free Essays

CAN WE EVER REMOVE CORRUPTION? Corruption: This word corruption is something disreputable which we always come across in our day to day life whether it reveals in politics or is seen in our regular jobs. Corruption exists in almost all the countries of the world. The rich and  powerful people  are the real beneficiaries of corruption and they are never part of movement to eradicate the corruption. We will write a custom essay sample on How Can We Control Corruption? or any similar topic only for you Order Now All of them need to be made center of attraction before the society and media for their act of corruption. The question is that, we always  come across  this word, but is there any way out we can  get rid of  these termites which are eating up a country’s future and making it unhealthy ?. We need to be helpful to the weaker section of the society who are the real victims of corruption. Do we really think that only going against the politicians and  passing bills  by the parliamentary committee of a democratic country or electing a correct ruler/ leader would lead its country and remove corruption from its root permanently?. As per my view, only electing a good leader/ruler would not remove corruption as a whole from its root because they can show us the  right path  and in a big country which have its own huge and special problems, we cannot expect from the leaders heading the Govt. to reach every individual and keep a watch on the measures taken to remove the termite called‘ Corruption’ from its Country, City, State or the World. But it is agreed by all that politicians and greedy business tycoons are the backbone of corruption world over. A country and its responsibilities do not only fall on the shoulders of the political leaders of that country because the country not only belongs to them but it is also a responsibility of all of us. We should not only blame one person or a body of people but  should understand  that if the corruption has become a part of higher level and a country is getting effected – its present future, everything is in danger, then they are not solely responsible for all these things. If we want to remove the corruption from its root, we will have to  work hard  together towards this and first of all remove corruption from its root which is lying in our day to day life and within us. It is not possible for a single person to remove corruption Removing corruption has become so difficult because we all have adopted this as a habit in our daily life. For  some reasons  or the other, we adopt this method to achieve our desires, dream and also to get id of problems in a shortcut way. I can just make my friends count  few examples  at a go : – O When caught in a traffic jam and and we are asked to show our driving license, we prefer most of the time to bribe the traffic officer or  get rid of  spending more time in arguing or settling up with him. O When we  require to get some work done  from a person and we know that there is a difficulty in it, we prefer bribing such person(s)to get our  work done  very easily. O We even in the name of donation do not stop bribing schools and some of them also entertain this practice in the name of donation when its time for admissions of our children. In a short, we bribe or follow corruption every where in our day to day life, so how can we say that the leaders or the  political bodies  are only responsible for corruption in a country ? Giving chance to  eligible people  at  work place  and only following people whom we like is also a part of corruption. Wherever we go, every second of our life we practice corruption, so going against only a particular group of people, doing hunger strikes won’t help us until we become real enemies of corruption and each and every one of us starts thinking that we are the leaders of the country and our aim is to set an examples for  every other person. Being a part of corruption or not raising voice against it, is equal in every sense. As it is always said that â€Å" Charity begins at home†, we should always  understandthat the fight against corruption can only be fought with vigor and vitality to kill it from its root which is possible only when we all start a revolution and stop evensupporting  this kind of practice and activities at a very lower to higher level. Rules and Regulations – disciplines and laws should be equal for all,  supporting terror  in any ways,selfish thinking should be stopped and voice against wrong issues are the few initial steps which can be taken up by any of us, every individual,  peopleand all of our country men towards a  healthy future. At the end, the way to eradicate corruption is possible only when the society andyoung youths  of today promise to themselves to contain it and bring a clean environment for the growth of country and its people. If we all are united and theyoung generation  is determined to prioritize the eradication of corruption from the country, it will benefit a  common man  and would lead the country to a new height as well. How to cite How Can We Control Corruption?, Essay examples

Cell Phones Social Interactions In A Wireless Era - Free Sample

Question: Part A Locate the following article using the librarys electronic journal collection: Humphreys, Lee. 2005. Cellphones in Public: Social Interactions in a Wireless Era New Media Society 17(6): 810-833 The article describes and analyzes how people use and respond to cellphones in public spaces, more specifically, it is concerned with the question of how social norms of interactions in public spaces are mediated by cellphone behavior. Once the article is read, the following questions must be answered in the introduction of your study: What are the basic differences between a single and a with? How does the author define cross talk? What sort of examples are provided by the author? Identify and briefly describe the different stages or scenarios in which cellphone cross talk can occur. Part B Select and identify a public area on the university campus where you can observe cellphone behavior during three separate sessions of 30 minutes each. You may choose the same setting and time OR for variety, may decide on a different setting or time for each of the three 30 minute observations. Remember to include your justification for choosing the times locations of your observations in your essay. Arrive at the setting and choose a place where you can comfortably observe what people are doing. Bring a notepad for recording observations. As you design your study, briefly describe the question that was the focus of your research. Note that you can choose either to observe cellphone voice calling or texting or other cellphone activities but you must differentiate and choose one of them only to study. Whatever the objective, your research should consider the concept of cross talk and ideas presented by the author of the above article. Part C Take fields notes of your observations. Be as detailed as possible when describing the setting, and especially, the kinds of behaviors about cellphone use in public spaces you are witnessing. Use the following template for each of your three observations; Observation Number:____ Location:_____________ Description of the social environment:___________ Dates of observations:_____________ Time begun:__________ Time concluded:___________ Field Notes:____________________________________________________________________ Upon completions, you will have several pages, and these are to be handed in along with your study results. Part D Once you have completed your three observations, use your field notes to answer the following questions, which will be incorporated into your results/discussion section of your paper. Does your study confirm any of the different stages or scenarios of cross talk identified by Humphreys? Which ones? What are two or three major insights or questions that emerge from your observations? What did you learn about conducting observations? What additional features would you add to this study in order to make it more comprehensive (further work)? Answer: Introduction The article on the social affect of cell phone technology on the social behavior f the individual by Lee Humphrey shows the experiments and the observations of the author about the changes in the individual behavior. The observation part in the article shows that if an individual is engaged in a phone call then the partner shows expressions of anxiety and annoyance and tries to be engaged in some other activities. Further, the article also determines the use of cell phones in public space to better understand the power dynamics of social relations (Hammersley, 2013). Part A The basic difference between a single and a with as mentioned in the article shows that a person is considered to be single by the society if the person does not have any company (Humphreys, 2005). Compared to the with person the single is considered to be potentially undesirable and is in a vulnerable mental condition. With on the contrary are the individuals showcasing huge accompaniment from different individuals showing a state of social desirability. Cross talk refers to the conversation between one of the partners of with with some other individual over the telecommunication channels like cell phone. Some of the instances of cross talk are seen in cases of cell phone conversations, and outsider disruption in between a conversation (Humphreys, 2005). The first stage of cross talk occurs when the cell phone rings and the person has to decide on how to handle it. The third stage of the cross talk is encountered when a third party interrupts the two parties having face-to-face conversation. The fourth stage of the cross talk occurs when the person interacts with the third party and simultaneously with the partner. The fifth and the rare stage is encountered when the individual interacts with the physical partner and the person over the phone at equal time (Konijn, 2008). Part B Location For observing, the social issues relating to cell phones in public spaces the researcher chose the canteen caf within the university campus. The justification behind the choice of canteen cafes being the large number of social conversations are initiated in these areas and the probability of receiving phone calls are also high in canteens and cafes. The choice of this location helped the researcher to have effective observations. The researcher will take the middle seat in the canteen so that the researcher will have a full view of the overall social environment of the canteen (Weisskirch, 2011). Time setting The researcher conducted the survey twice a week for 30 minutes each allocated for three types of observations. The researcher maintained a gap of one week was in between the observation. The researcher did this alteration to get diverse range of target representatives (DE LAME, 2010). Research question The researcher focused on three types of observations namely observation on social effect of cell phone voice calling, observation on effect of cell phone texting and observation of generation of cross talk in cell phone activities (Salkind, 2010). Observations The researcher selected the cell phone voice calling observation in order to analyze the occurrence of cross talk and the social effect of the same. The observation shows that cross talk occurs when an individual accepts the phone call irrespective of being in middle of a face-to-face conversation. In the first observation it is seen that the since the partner is engaged in phone call hence the single partner tries to occupy himself with activities like reading of the menu card in canteen, focusing on visitors of canteen. The observation shows that because of cross talk the individuals adopt various defense mechanisms. In the second observation, the single person is seen to be engaged in a phone call to avoid the apprehension and annoyance. This keeps the single person engaged in social behavior and is not left alone. In the third observation, the individuals eavesdrop on the cross talk between the partner and the third party. The action is not intentional however, it is a structured action of the single partner in order to avoid (Shaw Allen, 2012). Part D Results and discussions From the observations, it is clear that the stages of cross talk as discovered by Humphrey in the article are relevantly seen in the study. However, the observations do not confirm with the fourth stage of cross talk (Lin, 2010). The other stages of cross talk are present within the observations. The observations made here are in accordance to the cross talk emergence due to phone calls. However, there was no instance of third party cross talk. The first observation confirms with the first stage of cross talk. The third and the fourth stage of cross talk occurs when a third party interrupts a face-to-face conversation and the individual decides to interact with the third party. In the research study since no third party observation is seen hence the third and te fourth stage of cross talk cannot be noticed (Tufford Newman, 2010). From the observation it can be derived that cross talk can be avoided in certain stages by the third party as well as by the individual. The use of the cell phone shows the social behavior of the person and the social obligation of the individual. The research project helped the researcher in understanding the directness of field observation (Baym, 2010). However, the observation process lacks practicability and the researcher had to abide by the social ethics and avoid eavesdropping on the private conversations of the participants. Observer effect is another limitation that occurs in case of observational studies (Miller, 2012). As a future prospect, the researcher can make observational analysis of the other aspects of cell phone behavior. Moreover, the researcher can also conduct a primary data analysis on a selected sample group in order to record their behavior in accordance to use of cell phone in public space. This will further help the researcher to get accurate responses from the participants about their emotions of being single. Moreover, to extend the research the research in future can adopt a study of the new and emerging technologies and explore the social, economical, political and cultural context of the technology (Thyer, 2012). Reference list Baym, N. (2010).Personal connections in the digital age. Cambridge, UK: Polity. DE LAME, D. (2010). The cell phone. An anthropology of communication by Horst, Heather A. and Daniel Miller.Social Anthropology,18(2), 234-235. Hammersley, M. (2013).What is qualitative research?. London: Bloomsbury. Humphreys, L. (2005). Cell phones in Public: Social Interactions in a Wireless Era New Media Society 17(6): 810-833 Konijn, E. (2008).Mediated interpersonal communication. New York: Routledge. Lin, J. (2010). Acquired Cognitive Behavior Changes in Children from Cell-Phone Use [Health Effects.IEEE Microwave,11(4), 112-114. doi:10.1109/mmm.2010.936483 Miller, T. (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. London: SAGE. Salkind, N. (2010).Encyclopedia of research design. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. Shaw, D., Allen, T. (2012). A Systematic Consideration of Observational Design Decisions in the Theory Construction Process.Syst. Res.,29(5), 484-498. doi:10.1002/sres.2157 Thyer, B. (2012). The scientific value of qualitative research for social work.Qualitative Social Work. doi:10.1177/1473325011433928 Tufford, L., Newman, P. (2010). Bracketing in Qualitative Research.Qualitative Social Work,11(1), 80-96. doi:10.1177/1473325010368316 Weisskirch, R. (2011). No Crossed Wires: Cell Phone Communication in Parent-Adolescent Relationships.Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking,14(7-8), 447-451. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0455 Appendix Part C: Observations Observation Number: one Location: University Canteen Description of the social environment: Social conversation between two male friends Dates of observations: Day 1 of week 1 Time begun: 11 in the morning Time concluded: 11.30 in the morning Field Notes: One of the partners receives a phone call. He decides to take the call. While he is busy over the call, the other partner distracts himself by staring at the canteen menu. As the call extends the single partner shows actions of annoyance. Observation Number: two Location: University Canteen Description of the social environment: An ongoing social conversation is noted between a male and a female participant Dates of observations: Day 4 of week 2 Time begun: 4 O clock in the evening Time concluded: 4.30 in the evening Field Notes: The male participant receives a phone call and decides to attend the call. The female partner being left single decides to make a phone call to a certain person as a form of defense mechanism in order to avoid being single. Observation Number: Three Location: University Caf Description of the social environment: Two female participants are engaged in a deep conversation Dates of observations: Day 15 of week 9 Time begun: 2.30 in the afternoon Time concluded: 3.00 in the afternoon Field Notes: one of the female participants receives a phone call in between the deep conversation and decides to attend it. Initially the partners shows annoyance and as the phone conversation proceeds the other female partner unintentionally eavesdrop on the private conversation of her partner.